Accusative Case in Russian
Винительный падеж
The accusative case is used for direct objects and motion toward destinations. It answers the questions 'whom?' (кого?) and 'what?' (что?).
Time Expressions in Accusative
Accusative is used for duration of time and specific time expressions:
When to Use Accusative Case
The accusative case has several important functions in Russian grammar.
| Usage | Russian Example | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Direct object | Я читаю книгу. | I read a book. |
| Motion toward | Иду в школу. | I'm going to school. |
| Time duration | Всю неделю дождь. | It rained all week. |
| Specific time | В понедельник работаю. | I work on Monday. |
| Age expression | Мне двадцать лет. | I am twenty years old. |
| Expressions | играть в футбол | to play football |
| Measure/distance | Идти километр. | To walk a kilometer. |
Motion and Direction
Accusative is used with motion verbs to show direction toward a destination:
Animacy Rule
The animacy rule is crucial for accusative case formation:
- Animate nouns (people, animals): Accusative = Genitive
- Inanimate nouns (objects, concepts): Accusative = Nominative (for masculine/neuter)
- Feminine nouns always change in accusative regardless of animacy
Accusative Case Endings
Accusative endings depend on gender, animacy, and number. Inanimate masculine and all neuter nouns look like nominative:
| Gender/Animacy | Singular Endings | Plural Endings |
|---|---|---|
| Masc. (inanimate) | = Nominative | = Nominative |
| Masc. (animate) | = Genitive | = Genitive |
| Feminine | -у, -ю | -ы, -и, -ь→ей |
| Neuter | = Nominative | = Nominative |
Personal Pronouns in Accusative
Personal pronouns have special accusative forms:
| Nominative | Accusative | Example |
|---|---|---|
| я | меня | Он видит меня |
| ты | тебя | Я знаю тебя |
| он | его | Мы встречаем его |
| она | её | Они покупают её |
| оно | его | Читаю его (письмо) |
| мы | нас | Учитель спрашивает нас |
| вы | вас | Студенты слушают вас |
| они | их | Вижу их каждый день |
Adjective Agreement in Accusative
Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number, and case. Accusative adjective endings follow the animacy rule:
| Gender/Animacy | Hard Stem | Soft Stem | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. inanimate | -ый (=nom.) | -ий (=nom.) | новый стол, синий дом |
| Masc. animate | -ого (=gen.) | -его (=gen.) | нового студента, синего кота |
| Fem. (all) | -ую | -юю | новую маму, синюю ручку |
| Neut. (all) | -ое (=nom.) | -ее (=nom.) | новое окно, синее море |
| Plural inanimate | -ые (=nom.) | -ие (=nom.) | новые столы, синие дома |
| Plural animate | -ых (=gen.) | -их (=gen.) | новых студентов, синих котов |
Question Words in Accusative
Key question words that expect accusative case answers:
- Кого? (Whom?) - for animate direct objects
- Что? (What?) - for inanimate direct objects
- Куда? (Where to?) - for motion/direction
- Когда? (When?) - sometimes with time expressions
- Сколько? (How much/many?) - with some expressions
Example Sentences
Prepositions with Accusative
Common prepositions that require accusative case:
| Preposition | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| в | into, to (motion) | Иду в магазин |
| на | onto, to (motion) | Лечу на дачу |
| за | behind, for | Иду за хлебом |
| через | across, through | Переходим через дорогу |
| про | about (informal) | Расскажи про фильм |
| против | against | Против войны |
| сквозь | through | Идём сквозь лес |