Dative Case in Russian

Дательный падеж

The dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of an action, direction toward a person, and expressions of necessity or age. It answers the questions 'to whom?' (кому?) and 'to what?' (чему?).

Age and Time Expressions in Dative

The dative case is used in expressing age and impersonal time-related phrases:

Example: Я звоню маме. (I am calling my mom.)

When to Use Dative Case

The dative case is commonly used in the following contexts:

UsageRussian ExampleEnglish Translation
Indirect objectЯ дал книгу братуI gave the book to my brother
Direction towardЯ иду к врачуI am going to the doctor
Age expressionМне 20 летI am 20 years old
Feeling/necessityМне холодноI am cold
Impersonal constructionНам нужно уйтиWe need to leave
After certain verbsОн помогает бабушкеHe helps grandma

Dative in Motion Expressions

The dative case is used with motion verbs indicating direction toward a person:

Dative and Animacy

The dative case is not affected by animacy. It is used to show the recipient or target of an action.

  • Used for both animate and inanimate indirect objects.
  • No distinction in endings based on animacy.

Dative Case Endings

Dative endings vary by gender and number. Here are the standard patterns:

GenderSingular EndingsPlural Endings
Masculine-у / -ю-ам
Feminine-е / -и-ам
Neuter-у / -ю-ам
Мне 25 летI am 25 years oldtype: Age
Тебе нужно учитьсяYou need to studytype: Necessity
Нам веселоWe are having funtype: Desire/Feeling

Personal Pronouns in Dative

These are the personal pronouns in the dative case, commonly used with expressions like 'to give' or 'to help':

NominativeDativeExample
ямнеМне нравится музыка
тытебеЯ дам тебе книгу
онемуЕму нужно работать
онаейЯ позвонил ей
оноемуЕму 5 лет
мынамНам холодно
вывамВам нужно идти
ониимИм весело

Adjective Agreement in Dative

Adjectives must match the noun in gender, number, and case. Dative adjectives have specific endings:

GenderHard StemSoft StemExample
Masculine-ому-емуновому другу, синему брату
Feminine-ой-ейновой сестре, синей маме
Neuter-ому-емуновому окну, синему морю
Plural-ым-имновым друзьям, синим детям
Я иду к другу (I’m going to my friend)prep: к + dat. · verb: идти
Она подошла к учителю (She approached the teacher)prep: к + dat. · verb: подойти

Question Words in Dative

These question words lead to dative case usage:

  • Кому? (To whom?)
  • Чему? (To what?)
  • По чему? (Along what?)
Я дал мяч мальчику (I gave the ball to the boy)acc: мальчику · nom: мальчик · type: Indirect Object
Он помогает бабушке (He helps grandma)acc: бабушке · nom: бабушка · type: Help Verb

Example Sentences

Я дал книгу сестре.I gave the book to my sister.
Мне нужно идти.I need to go.
Он помогает другу.He helps his friend.
Мы пошли к бабушке.We went to grandma.
Тебе 18 лет?Are you 18 years old?
Я звоню маме каждый день.I call my mom every day.
По дороге никто не шёл.No one was walking along the road.
Им скучно без тебя.They are bored without you.
Ей понравился подарок.She liked the gift.
Кому ты рассказал?To whom did you tell?

Prepositions with Dative

These prepositions require the dative case for the following noun:

PrepositionMeaningExample
кtoward, to (a person)Я иду к врачу
поalong, according to, onпо улице, по плану

More Russian grammar